Η σουρεαλίστρια Remedios Varo. Remedios Varo, a female surrealist

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Αινιγματική και ασφυκτικά κλειστοφοβική και ταυτόχρονα ανάλαφρη και διάφανη η Remedios Varο... Γεννήθηκε το 1908 στη Καταλωνία και πέθανε το 1963 στο Μεξικό.

Ladies' Suit, 1957

In 1908, Remedios Varo was born into a complicated family setting in the small town of Gerona, Spain. Her mother was a deeply religious woman, committed to Catholic spirituality, while her father was an atheist engineer, whose life was built on reason, mathematics, and free thinking. These two forces, the mystical and scientific, greatly influenced Remedios's work throughout her artistic career. When she was nine, the Varo family moved to Madrid, where Remedios was formally educated at a religious school; however, at night she stealthily read science books and taught herself to use her father's engineering tools. At age sixteen, Remedios escaped the world of the convent to attend the Academia de San Fernando in Madrid, where she was a classmate of Salvador Dali until he was expelled for recalcitrance.

Farewell, 1958

"In clear contrast with the surrealist tendencies seeking 'liberation' from the underground depths of unconscious desire, the art of Remedios Varo projects itself toward the opposite extreme: toward the supra-conscious understanding of a 'superior' reality... Remedios consciously "constructs" an idealized world in which harmony and sublimity reign." Juliana Gonzales, art historian.

The World Beyond

At age twenty-two, Remedios's artistic career began to take off. She participated in her first group exhibition, married fellow artist Gerardo Lizarraga (with whom she stayed married for only two years), and moved to Barcelona with him. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Varo decided to move to Paris with the poet Benjamin Peret, who was a close companion of the so-called father of Surrealism, Andre Breton. With Peret by her side, Remedios was brought into Breton's circle of Surrealist artists, yet she often felt overshadowed by Peret's presence and notoriety. Because of her gender, she was never considered an integral member of the Surrealist group; on the fringe, she participated in Surrealist shows only occasionally. It was partly due to her marginalization and partly due to her inability to relinquish complete control over her artistic creations, that many art historians, and even Remedios herself, did not consider her to be a strict Surrealist.

Varo's artistic style--part surrealistic, part realistic--truly blossomed when she fled Nazi-occupied France and moved to Mexico in 1941. About her move to Mexico, Varo remarked "I came to Mexico searching for the peace that I had not found, neither in Spain because of the revolution nor in Europe because of the terrible war. For me it was impossible to paint amidst such anguish." Although she initially felt like an exile, Remedios found home in Mexico, and she realized that she ultimately experienced more artistic and intellectual freedom there than she had anywhere in Europe. "I can see that my life" she said, "not only in material or emotional terms, but also my intellectual life, is here in [this] land I sincerely love with all its faults, shortcomings, and hardships." It was her deep love for Mexico that kept her from returning to Paris with Peret in 1947, and instead pushed her to explore another Latin-American country, Venezuela, where her mother and brother Rodrigo then lived. Rodrigo was chief of epidemiology for the Ministry of Public Health in Venezuela, and under his tutelage, Remedios began studying and drawing mosquitoes for a campaign against malaria. Again, her artistic work dipped into the scientific realm.

Exploring River of The Source Orinonoco

In the early 1950's Remedios returned to Mexico and married Walter Gruen, an Austrian political refugee, and at this time she pledged to devote her life entirely to painting. It was then that her style fully matured to include its unique brand of symbolism and iconography: women with heart-shaped faces that mimic her own, and slit-like eyes that convey a sense of loneliness and a lack of fulfillment. This loneliness is highlighted again and again as Varo paints her characters trapped in one environment or another, whether it be a tower in the sky, like in Celestial Pablum, a room without a door, or even a chair that seems to have a magical power that forces its victims to stay put, like in Mimetismo, which is currently in the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City. In all of her works, one senses the artist's own isolation; yet this seclusion is coupled with internal revelation and astonishment that takes the form of a mysterious ray of light or patches of luminosity on the canvas. This combination of isolation and revelation is mirrored in Remedios's overall juxtaposition of whimsy and precision, a blend that many art historians find unsettling. Varo uses her scientific knowledge to paint scenes that place scientifically accurate machinery in an unrealistic fantasy world. Essay by Lauren A Kaplan.

Fantastic animal, 1959

Allegory of Winter, 1948

Rheumatic pain

Plant, 1960

Unexpected view

Aurora, 1962

Homo rodans, 1959

Floral bouquet with birds, 1960

Gypsy and harlequin, 1947       

Premonition, 1953

Harmony, 1956

This portrait of Doña María was painted by Remedios just two years after she entered the Academia de San Fernando.  Salvador Dalí, the Surrealist painter, was also a student of the Academia in Madrid, around the time frame Varo attended.  (Kaplan 29)

Plant architecture, 1962

Vagabond

Witch going to the Sabbath, 1957

Lady Godiva, 1959

The World, 1958

Christmas turkey

Malaria, 1947

Garden of love, 1951

Cats Paradise, 1955

As the Volante, 1962

The battle

The task

By Aquarium, 1961

The Pollution of the Water

Creation with astral rays, 1955

The rich, 1958

Pain, 1948

Trasitoen Espiral

Creation of the Birds

The Message, 1935

Lunar reflection

The emigrants

Still life Reslicitando, 1963

Eyes on the table, 1938

Tightrope walkers, 1944

The Juggler

Visit to the plastic surgeon, 1960

Cold, 1948

The Labrador, 1958

Rheumatic pain, 1948

Towards The Tower

"In Surrealism, the artist attempts to depict a time/space that is somewhere in between reality and dreaming. Varo accomplished this goal, but was dissatisfied with the traditional role of women in Surrealist painting: female as the muse or object.  In her work, she shifted the role of woman to embody the heroine, explorer, and creator." (Congdon, 291)

O Octavio Paz της αφιέρωσε το ποίημα του "Remedios Varo’s Appearances and Disappearances"

With the visible violence of wind scattering

clouds, but with greater delicacy, as if she

painted with her eyes rather than with her

hands, Remedios sweeps the canvas clean and

heaps up clarities on its transparent surface.

In their struggle with reality, some painters

violate it or cover it with signs, explode it

or bury it, flay it. Remedios volatizes it:

it is not blood but light that flows through

its body.

She slowly paints lightening-quick apparitions.

Appearances are the shadows of archetypes.

Remedios does not invent: she remembers.

Except that these appearances resemble nothing

and no one.

Sea voyages within a precious stone.

A speculative painting, a mirror-image painting:

not the world in reverse, but the reverse

of the world.

The art of leviatation: the loss of gravity,

the loss of seriousness. Remedios laughs,

but her laughter echoes in another world.

Space is not an expanse but a magnet attracting

Appearances. A woman’s hair… the strings

of a harp… the sun’s rays streaming down

… the strings of a guitar. The world seen

as music: listen to Remedios’s lines.

The secret theme of her work: harmony… lost

equality.

In Appearance she paints Disappearance.

Roots, fronds, rays, locks of hair, flowing

beards, spirals of sound: threads of death,

of life, of time. The weft is woven and un-

woven: the unreality that we call life, the

unreality that we call death… only the canvas

is real. Remedios the anti-Moira.

She does not paint time, but the moments when

time is resting.

In her world of stopped clocks, we hear the

flow of substances, the circulation of shadow

and light: time ripening.

Forms seek their own form, form seeks its own

dissolution.

- Octavio Paz