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Atlantic Civilisation is Fougeron's key work of social criticism and an extraordinary example of Cold War rhetoric. Fougeron caricatures the Americanisation of Europe, then a major target of Communist Party propaganda. At more than five and a half metres wide, Atlantic Civilisation was a self-consciously grand gesture with which Fougeron was inextricably identified after it was shown at the Salon d'Automne in Paris in November 1953. The image is packed with conflicting narratives of corruption, rooted in colonialism, class and capitalism. Reference is made to the French colonial wars in Indo-China through the posters of the colonial parachutists and the returning coffins with mourners set against the Asian woman with a dead child. This last image quotes from Guernica (Museo de Reina Sofía, Madrid), the 1937 mural by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) that epitomised the civilian cost of war. There are allusions to the consequences of other French colonial policies: the subjugation of black Africa in the person of the child shoe-shine and of North Africa in the immigrant Algerians sheltering under corrugated iron (at the bottom left). In Atlantic Civilisation Fougeron addressed more general fears about the break-down of family life by showing old people abandoned on a bench, the mother and children living in a tent, and a circle of children engulfed by industrial pollution. That these contrasts are borne of class disparities is emphasised through the juxtapositions of Algerians next to the middle-class children in their camouflaged air-raid shelter, and the shoe-shine in a vest next to pet dogs in coats. André Fougeron, Atlantic Civilisation, Civilisation atlantique, 1953, Oil paint on canvas, (380 x 350 cm), Tate Modern, Londres.
The root of this corruption, in Fougeron's view and as indicated through his title, is the post-war culture promoted by the United States, the embodiment of capitalist consumerism and militarism. At the centre of the composition is a huge American car, flanked by a uniformed G.I., feet up on a French café table, reading a soft porn magazine. France, in the caricatural figure of the fat businessman, pays homage to the car. The detail of the second soldier, shooting across the car, confirms that these symbols are implicitly fascistic, as his German helmet is marked with the SS of the Nazi storm-troopers. Over all of this is the towering electric chair used by the Americans to execute Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, in June 1953, on charges of 'conspiracy with the aim of espionage'. As they were accused of passing nuclear secrets to the USSR out of conscience rather than financial gain, they exemplified - according to the political left - a principled peace movement. This detail is set against that of the children in the air-raid shelter to underscore the nuclear threat that defined the polarisation of the Cold War.
Martyred Spain, Espagne martyre, 1937, Oil paint
on canvas.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Les Quatre Chevaliers de
l'Apocalypse, 1937, Ink on paper.
The Tournament, Le Tournoi, 1937, Ink on paper.
Homage to Franco!!!, Hommage à Franco!!!, 1937, Graphite on
paper.
Ο Αντρέ Φουζερόν (1913 Παρίσι - 1998 Παρίσι) είναι αυτοδίδακτος ζωγράφος. Εργάσθηκε ως μεταλλουργός στη βιομηχανία Renault. Το 1939 έγινε μέλος του κομμουνιστικού κόμματος και κατά τη διάρκεια της γερμανικής κατοχής ανέπτυξε έντονη αντιστασιακή δράση. Το 1941 μετέτρεψε το εργαστήριο του σε παράνομο τυπογραφείο, όπου σχεδίασε τους τίτλους των παράνομων εφημερίδων και τύπωνε τις περισσότερες από αυτές. Τον ίδιο χρόνο εξέθεσε στην έκθεση «Είκοσι Ζωγράφοι της Γαλλικής Παράδοσης» («Vingt Peintres de tradition francaise»).
André Fougeron, Parisiennes au marché, 1948. Saint-Étienne,
Musée d’art moderne.
Το 1942 ορίζεται υπεύθυνος για θέματα τέχνης στο Εθνικό Μέτωπο των Τεχνών και συνεργάζεται με τους Εντουάρ Πινιόν (Edouard Pignon) και Εντουάρ Γκέρκ (Edouard Goerg). Τον επόμενο χρόνο συμμετέχει στην έκθεση «Δώδεκα σημερινοί ζωγράφοι» («Douze peintres d’ aujourd’hui») που θα παίξει καθοριστικό ρόλο στη δημιουργία της νέας σχολής του Παρισιού. Η ομάδα θα ονομασθεί «Νέοι Γάλλοι καλλιτέχνες».
The Cock Fighters, Les Coqueleux, 1950, Oil paint
on canvas.
Extremely detailed realism and working class subject matter come together in André Fougeron's portrait of a pair of miners as The Cock Fighters (Les Coqueleux - literally 'the breeders of fighting cocks'). The ruddy faces and hands of the two men set off the flamboyant colours of the groomed and armed cocks (their metal spurs temporarily corked). They are the only points of colour in the grey landscape under a glowering sky, just as the fight itself provides relief from relentless labour. The cocks confront each other and, although the miner on the left looks at the viewer, the challenging glance of the man on the right suggests that the forthcoming bout is seen as personal. The head of a third bird emerges from the central pannier, an indication, perhaps, that this will be a continuing ritual.
Return from the Market, Retour du marché, 1953, Oil paint
on canvas.
André Fougeron, Nord-africains aux portes de la ville,
1953, huile sur toile.
Massacre at Sakiet III, Massacre à Sakiet III, 1958,
Oil paint on canvas.
The crisis of
French colonial policy became especially acute in the mid-1950s as indigenous
peoples in North Africa fought for independence. In Algeria which was
considered integral to France by the then government, there were acts of
violence on all sides. The Communist Party actively supported the cause of
colonised peoples and this is reflected in Fougeron's choice of subject matter
for Massacre at Sakiet III. On 8
February 1958, French airforce bombardment resulted in the deaths of
sixty-eight civilians at Sakiet Sidi Yousef on the Algerian-Tunisian border.
Fougeron's painting captured the immediate response to an event that summarised
the brutal war and evoked uncomfortable comparisons with the fascist
bombardment of Guernica that had inspired Pablo Picasso's mural of 1937.
After André Fougeron’s Massacre à Sakiet III
How well we know
these careless faces -
The naked bodies in
a heap,
The ecstasy of
death’s embraces,
The young boy
smiling in his sleep.
Since they were
murdered in Tunisia
In ’58, Death’s
gotten busier;
Collateral damage
is now the norm
From Palestine to
Desert Storm.
We recognise these
peaceful features
So well we barely
catch our breath;
Who are so intimate
with death,
We know their
murders barely reach us.
But most of all we
know whose boots
Stand guarding over
empire’s fruits.
Andy Croft
Το 1944 συνάντησε τον Πιερ Βιγιόν (Pierre
Villon) και τον Πωλ Ελυάρ (Paul Eluard). Μετά την απελευθέρωση, του ανατίθεται η
οργάνωση μιας έκθεσης με έργα του Πικάσο σύμβολο της αντίστασης ενάντια στη
ναζιστική κατοχή. Παρουσιάζεται το έργο «La
Guerre» («Ο Πόλεμος») και μετά
από διαβήματα του Εθνικού Μετώπου αγοράζεται από το κράτος. Το 1947
πραγματοποίησε ένα πολύμηνο ταξίδι στην Ιταλία, όπου μελέτησε την ιταλική
ζωγραφική και συνδέθηκε με Ιταλούς καλλιτέχνες.
Μητέρα και παιδί με κόκκινη
ποδιά, 1944.
André Fougeron, Les paysans français défendent leur terre,
1953. Huile sur toile, 260 x 389,5 x 5,5 cm.
Η
πρώτη του ατομική έκθεση έγινε το 1946 και ακολούθησε έντονη εκθεσιακή
δραστηριότητα. Διακόσμησε την εκκλησία στην Romainville και άλλα δημοτικά
κτήρια. Τιμήθηκε με πολλά βραβεία. Το 1954 προσκλήθηκε για τις λιθογραφίες του
στη Μπιενάλε της Βενετίας.
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Les juges, le pays des mines.
Η θεματολογία του
σχετίζεται πάντα με την κοινωνική και την πολιτική κριτική, τα έργα του
σχολιάζουν τα σημαντικά γεγονότα της εποχής του.
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